The Bullet Point Bible

1 Corinthians 15

The Core Gospel and Resurrection Witnesses

1 Now I want to make clear for you, brothers and sisters, the gospel that I preached to you, that you received and on which you stand,2 and by which you are being saved, if you hold firmly to the message I preached to you-unless you believed in vain.3 For I passed on to you as of first importance what I also received-that Christ died for our sins according to the scriptures,4 and that he was buried, and that he was raised on the third day according to the scriptures,5 and that he appeared to Cephas, then to the twelve.6 Then he appeared to more than 500 of the brothers and sisters at one time, most of whom are still alive, though some have fallen asleep.7 Then he appeared to James, then to all the apostles.8 Last of all, as though to one born at the wrong time, he appeared to me also.9 For I am the least of the apostles, unworthy to be called an apostle, because I persecuted the church of God.10 But by the grace of God I am what I am, and his grace to me has not been in vain. In fact, I worked harder than all of them-yet not I, but the grace of God with me.11 Whether then it was I or they, this is the way we preach and this is the way you believed.

  • Paul begins this crucial chapter by reminding the Corinthians of the foundational gospel message they initially accepted.
  • The gospel includes Christ's death for sins, burial, and resurrection, all explicitly stated as being "according to the scriptures," emphasizing Old Testament fulfillment.
  • Holding firmly to this message is essential for salvation; abandoning it renders initial belief "in vain."
  • Paul lists key resurrection appearances, providing historical evidence: Peter (Cephas), the Twelve, over 500 people at once, James (Jesus' brother), all the apostles, and finally Paul himself.
  • The mention that most of the 500 witnesses were still alive serves as an invitation for verification (1 Cor 15:6).
  • Paul humbly describes himself as the "least of the apostles," referencing his past persecution of the church (1 Cor 15:9).
  • He attributes his apostleship and tireless work entirely to God's grace, not his own merit (1 Cor 15:10).
  • Despite personal differences or status, the core message preached by all apostles was unified (1 Cor 15:11).
  • This section establishes the historical reality and theological centrality of Christ's resurrection as the cornerstone of Christian faith.
The Necessity of Christ's Resurrection

12 Now if Christ is being preached as raised from the dead, how can some of you say there is no resurrection of the dead?13 But if there is no resurrection of the dead, then not even Christ has been raised.14 And if Christ has not been raised, then our preaching is futile and your faith is empty.15 Also, we are found to be false witnesses about God, because we have testified against God that he raised Christ from the dead, when in reality he did not raise him, if indeed the dead are not raised.16 For if the dead are not raised, then not even Christ has been raised.17 And if Christ has not been raised, your faith is useless; you are still in your sins.18 Furthermore, those who have fallen asleep in Christ have also perished.19 For if only in this life we have hope in Christ, we should be pitied more than anyone.

  • Paul directly confronts the skepticism within the Corinthian church regarding the general resurrection of believers.
  • He employs a logical argument (reductio ad absurdum) showing the devastating consequences if there is no resurrection.
  • Premise: If the dead are not raised, then Christ Himself could not have been raised (1 Cor 15:13, 16).
  • Consequence 1: Apostolic preaching becomes "futile" (kenos - empty, void of content) (1 Cor 15:14).
  • Consequence 2: The Corinthians' faith is "empty" (kenos) and "useless" (mataia - vain, producing no results) (1 Cor 15:14, 17).
  • Consequence 3: The apostles are liars, misrepresenting God by claiming He raised Christ (1 Cor 15:15).
  • Consequence 4: Believers remain unforgiven, "still in your sins," implying Christ's death is ineffective without His resurrection (1 Cor 15:17).
  • Consequence 5: Deceased believers ("those who have fallen asleep in Christ") have simply perished with no future hope (1 Cor 15:18).
  • Conclusion: If Christian hope is limited to this earthly life, believers are the "most pitiable" of all people, having endured hardship for a false hope (1 Cor 15:19).
  • This section powerfully underscores that Christ's resurrection is inextricably linked to the believer's hope of future resurrection and the validity of the entire Christian faith.
Christ, the Firstfruits of the Resurrection

20 But now Christ has been raised from the dead, the firstfruits of those who have fallen asleep.21 For since death came through a man, the resurrection of the dead also came through a man.22 For just as in Adam all die, so also in Christ all will be made alive.23 But each in his own order: Christ, the firstfruits; then when Christ comes, those who belong to him.24 Then comes the end, when he hands over the kingdom to God the Father, when he has brought to an end all rule and all authority and power.25 For he must reign until he has put all his enemies under his feet.26 The last enemy to be eliminated is death.27 For he has put everything in subjection under his feet . But when it says "everything" has been put in subjection, it is clear that this does not include the one who put everything in subjection to him.28 And when all things are subjected to him, then the Son himself will be subjected to the one who subjected everything to him, so that God may be all in all.

  • Paul pivots from hypothetical consequences to the triumphant reality: "Christ has been raised!" (1 Cor 15:20).
  • Christ is the "firstfruits," a term from Jewish harvest festivals signifying the first part of the crop, guaranteeing the full harvest to come (i.e., the resurrection of all believers).
  • A theological parallel is drawn: Adam brought death to humanity; Christ brings resurrection life (1 Cor 15:21-22). "All" in Adam refers to universal physical death; "all" in Christ refers to all believers receiving resurrection life.
  • The resurrection occurs in a specific order (tagma): Christ first, then believers at His return (parousia) (1 Cor 15:23).
  • Paul outlines an eschatological timeline: Christ's return, the "end" (telos), when Christ delivers the perfected kingdom to the Father after subjugating all opposing powers (1 Cor 15:24).
  • Christ's reign is necessary until all enemies, including death itself, are conquered, citing Psalm 110:1 and Psalm 8:6 (1 Cor 15:25-27).
  • Death is personified as the final enemy to be destroyed, highlighting the resurrection's ultimate victory (1 Cor 15:26).
  • A clarification is made: God the Father is not included in the "everything" subjected to Christ (1 Cor 15:27).
  • The final state involves the Son submitting Himself to the Father, resulting in God being "all in all"—the complete and universally acknowledged sovereignty of God (1 Cor 15:28).
Resurrection Hope and Christian Practice

29 Otherwise, what will those do who are baptized for the dead? If the dead are not raised at all, then why are they baptized for them?30 Why too are we in danger every hour?31 Every day I am in danger of death! This is as sure as my boasting in you, which I have in Christ Jesus our Lord.32 If from a human point of view I fought with wild beasts at Ephesus, what did it benefit me? If the dead are not raised, let us eat and drink, for tomorrow we die .33 Do not be deceived: "Bad company corrupts good morals."34 Sober up as you should, and stop sinning! For some have no knowledge of God-I say this to your shame!

  • Paul uses rhetorical questions to show the inconsistency of denying the resurrection while engaging in certain practices or enduring hardship.
  • The meaning of "baptized for the dead" (1 Cor 15:29) is highly debated. Possibilities include vicarious baptism (unlikely Paul endorses a non-Christian practice), believers getting baptized with martyrdom in view, or a metaphor for suffering. Paul's point is its futility without resurrection.
  • Paul points to his own constant suffering and danger ("I die every day") as evidence of his firm belief in the resurrection hope; such sacrifice would be irrational otherwise (1 Cor 15:30-31).
  • Fighting "wild beasts at Ephesus" (1 Cor 15:32) is likely metaphorical for facing intense human opposition. Without resurrection, such struggles are pointless.
  • If there's no afterlife, the logical conclusion is hedonism: "Let us eat and drink, for tomorrow we die" (quoting Isaiah 22:13 LXX) (1 Cor 15:32).
  • Paul warns against the corrupting influence of those denying the resurrection, quoting a common proverb (possibly from the playwright Menander): "Bad company corrupts good morals" (1 Cor 15:33).
  • He exhorts the Corinthians to "sober up" (return to right thinking) and stop sinning, linking doctrinal error (denial of resurrection) with moral laxity (1 Cor 15:34).
  • He rebukes them sharply, stating that some among them demonstrate ignorance of God by denying this core truth (1 Cor 15:34).
The Nature of the Resurrection Body

35 But someone will say, "How are the dead raised? With what kind of body will they come?"36 Fool! What you sow will not come to life unless it dies.37 And what you sow is not the body that is to be, but a bare seed -perhaps of wheat or something else.38 But God gives it a body just as he planned, and to each of the seeds a body of its own.39 All flesh is not the same: People have one flesh, animals have another, birds and fish another.40 And there are heavenly bodies and earthly bodies. The glory of the heavenly body is one sort and the earthly another.41 There is one glory of the sun, and another glory of the moon and another glory of the stars, for star differs from star in glory.42 It is the same with the resurrection of the dead. What is sown is perishable, what is raised is imperishable.43 It is sown in dishonor, it is raised in glory; it is sown in weakness, it is raised in power;44 it is sown a natural body, it is raised a spiritual body. If there is a natural body, there is also a spiritual body.45 So also it is written, " The first man, Adam, became a living person "; the last Adam became a life-giving spirit.46 However, the spiritual did not come first, but the natural, and then the spiritual.47 The first man is from the earth, made of dust; the second man is from heaven.48 Like the one made of dust, so too are those made of dust, and like the one from heaven, so too those who are heavenly.49 And just as we have borne the image of the man of dust, let us also bear the image of the man of heaven.

  • Paul anticipates skeptical questions about the *how* and *what* of the resurrection body (1 Cor 15:35).
  • He uses the analogy of a seed: it must "die" (be buried) to produce a new plant, which is different from the original seed (1 Cor 15:36-37). God designs the resulting body (1 Cor 15:38).
  • He points to the diversity in God's creation—different types of flesh, heavenly vs. earthly bodies, varying glories of celestial objects—to argue for the possibility of a different *kind* of body in the resurrection (1 Cor 15:39-41).
  • Paul applies these analogies: the resurrection body will be different in nature from the current body: imperishable (vs. perishable), glorious (vs. dishonorable), powerful (vs. weak), spiritual (vs. natural) (1 Cor 15:42-44).
  • "Natural body" (soma psychikon) refers to the body animated by the soul (psyche), suited for earthly life. "Spiritual body" (soma pneumatikon) refers to a body animated and empowered by the Holy Spirit, suited for the life to come (1 Cor 15:44). It's not immaterial but transformed.
  • He contrasts the "first Adam" who became a "living soul" (Genesis 2:7) with the "last Adam" (Christ) who is a "life-giving spirit" (1 Cor 15:45).
  • The order is fixed: the natural precedes the spiritual (1 Cor 15:46).
  • Adam was earthly; Christ is heavenly. Believers currently share Adam's earthly nature but will ultimately share Christ's heavenly nature (1 Cor 15:47-49).
  • Believers are promised a future transformation to bear the "image of the heavenly man," Christ.
The Mystery of Transformation

50 Now this is what I am saying, brothers and sisters: Flesh and blood cannot inherit the kingdom of God, nor does the perishable inherit the imperishable.51 Listen, I will tell you a mystery: We will not all sleep, but we will all be changed-52 in a moment, in the blinking of an eye, at the last trumpet. For the trumpet will sound, and the dead will be raised imperishable, and we will be changed.53 For this perishable body must put on the imperishable, and this mortal body must put on immortality.54 Now when this perishable puts on the imperishable, and this mortal puts on immortality, then the saying that is written will happen,54 " Death has been swallowed up in victory ."55 " Where, O death, is your victory?55 Where, O death, is your sting? "

  • Paul declares a fundamental principle: our current physical bodies ("flesh and blood") are unsuited to inherit God's eternal kingdom (1 Cor 15:50). The perishable cannot inherit the imperishable.
  • He reveals a "mystery" (a previously hidden truth now revealed by God): not all believers will die ("sleep"), but all believers—living and dead—will be transformed (1 Cor 15:51).
  • This transformation will be instantaneous ("in a moment, in the twinkling of an eye") at the signal of the "last trumpet" (1 Cor 15:52). This trumpet signals the resurrection and Christ's return.
  • At that moment, the dead are raised imperishable, and living believers are simultaneously changed (1 Cor 15:52).
  • The transformation involves putting on imperishability and immortality (1 Cor 15:53).
  • This event fulfills Old Testament prophecy (Isaiah 25:8; Hosea 13:14): Death itself is conquered, "swallowed up in victory" (1 Cor 15:54).
  • Paul includes a triumphant taunt against Death, personifying it as a defeated enemy (1 Cor 15:55).
  • He explains the connection: Death's "sting" (its power to harm) comes from sin, and sin derives its power (to condemn) from the law, which reveals and defines sin (1 Cor 15:56).
  • The section culminates in thanksgiving to God, who grants believers this ultimate victory over sin and death through Jesus Christ (1 Cor 15:57).
Final Exhortation
  • This single verse serves as the practical conclusion and application of the entire chapter's teaching on resurrection.
  • "So then" (Hoste) indicates a direct consequence of the preceding arguments about resurrection reality and victory.
  • Paul exhorts the believers to be "firm" (hedraios - steadfast, settled) and "immovable" (ametakinetos - unshakeable) in their faith, particularly regarding the resurrection hope.
  • He calls them to be "always abounding in the work of the Lord," suggesting that resurrection hope fuels diligent Christian service.
  • The final assurance provides motivation: "knowing that your labor in the Lord is not in vain" (ouk estin kenon - not empty, not futile). Unlike the potential emptiness described in v. 14 if Christ wasn't raised, work done for the resurrected Lord has eternal value and significance.
  • This verse connects profound theology directly to everyday Christian living and perseverance.

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