1 Now I mean that the heir, as long as he is a minor, is no different from a slave, though he is the owner of everything.2 But he is under guardians and managers until the date set by his father.3 So also we, when we were minors, were enslaved under the basic forces of the world.4 But when the appropriate time had come, God sent out his Son, born of a woman, born under the law,5 to redeem those who were under the law, so that we may be adopted as sons with full rights.6 And because you are sons, God sent the Spirit of his Son into our hearts, who calls " Abba! Father!"7 So you are no longer a slave but a son, and if you are a son, then you are also an heir through God.
- Paul uses a common Roman legal analogy: a minor heir, though legally owner, lives like a slave under guardians until maturity.
- This illustrates Israel's state under the Mosaic Law before Christ – technically heirs, but living under restriction.
- "Basic principles of the world" (stoicheia tou kosmou) likely refers to elementary religious observances, whether Jewish Law or pagan practices, seen as preparatory stages.
- God's perfect timing ("the appropriate time had come") is emphasized in sending Jesus.
- Jesus' incarnation ("born of a woman") highlights his humanity, and being "born under the law" signifies his identification with those bound by it, enabling him to redeem them.
- Redemption leads to "adoption as sons" (huiothesia), a legal term signifying full rights and privileges within God's family, a status higher than mere childhood.
- The presence of the Holy Spirit in believers' hearts is the evidence and experience of this sonship.
- The intimate cry "Abba! Father!" (an Aramaic term of endearment combined with the Greek equivalent) signifies a close, personal relationship with God, empowered by the Spirit.
- The conclusion contrasts the former state of slavery (under law/principles) with the current reality: full sonship and inheritance through God's grace, not human effort.
- This section powerfully argues that returning to legalistic practices is like a mature heir choosing to live under childhood restrictions again.