1 Let every person be subject to the governing authorities. For there is no authority except by God's appointment, and the authorities that exist have been instituted by God.2 So the person who resists such authority resists the ordinance of God, and those who resist will incur judgment3 (for rulers cause no fear for good conduct but for bad). Do you desire not to fear authority? Do good and you will receive its commendation4 because it is God's servant for your well-being. But be afraid if you do wrong because government does not bear the sword for nothing. It is God's servant to administer punishment on the person who does wrong.5 Therefore it is necessary to be in subjection, not only because of the wrath of the authorities but also because of your conscience.6 For this reason you also pay taxes, for the authorities are God's servants devoted to governing.7 Pay everyone what is owed: taxes to whom taxes are due, revenue to whom revenue is due, respect to whom respect is due, honor to whom honor is due.
- Theological Foundation: All human authority ultimately derives its legitimacy from God (Romans 13:1).
- Christian Duty: Submission to governing authorities is presented as submission to God's ordained structure (Romans 13:2).
- Purpose of Government: Rulers are described as "God's servant" (Greek: *theou diakonos*), intended to promote good conduct and restrain evil (Romans 13:3-4).
- The "Sword": This likely refers to the government's legitimate authority to enforce laws and punish wrongdoing, including capital punishment in Roman context (Romans 13:4).
- Motivation for Submission: Obedience should stem not just from fear of punishment ("wrath") but also from a clear conscience recognizing God's design (Romans 13:5).
- Practical Application: This principle extends to civic duties like paying taxes and showing appropriate respect and honor to officials (Romans 13:6-7).
- Historical Context: Paul wrote this during the early, relatively stable period of Emperor Nero's reign, though the principles apply broadly.
- Interpretive Consideration: This passage establishes a general rule. Other scriptures suggest limits when government commands contradict God's direct commands (Acts 5:29).
- Connection: This teaching aligns with similar instructions found in 1 Peter 2:13-17.
- Role in Argument: This section applies the gospel's transforming power to the believer's relationship with civil society, following discussions on internal church life and dealing with outsiders.